A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements School graduation declarations can appear to be so simpleâ but additionally be so convoluted. Furthermore, obviously, while youre attempting to make sense of the intricate details of the declarations, you despite everything need to concentrate on completing your classes and getting ready for life after school. Utilize this manual for help you through the arranging, sorting out, and sending of graduation declarations. The Logistics Planning the coordinations behind declarations can be a genuine agony in the mind. With a little assistance, nonetheless, it can likewise be dealt with a couple of brisk advances. The Why: 8 Reasons to Send Graduation AnnouncementsThe Who: To Whom Should I Send My Graduation Announcements?The Where and How: Where to Get Graduation AnnouncementsThe When: When to Mail Your Graduation Announcements The What: The Announcements Themselves Wording declarations can appear to be so natural. That is,â of course, until you really plunk down and attempt to keep in touch with them. To kick you off, underneath are an assortment of declaration styles you can utilize or change a piece to make your own, customized graduation declaration. Regardless of which sort of declaration you send, the accompanying data is essential: Your nameThe school or universityThe degree you earned (e.g., B.A. in Political Science)The initiation function (or gathering) date and timeThe area of the service or gathering Do you truly need to welcome individuals? In contrast to secondary school graduation, not every person will go to the beginning service or anticipate a gathering. It is normal for school graduates to skirt the date and area data and utilize their declarations as, simply that, a declaration of your accomplishment. Declarations with Formal, Traditional Language Generally, a school graduation declaration utilizes formal language, for example, The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class... in the initial lines before giving the subtleties in similarly formal terms. Illuminating the dates and keeping away from shortenings for degrees are only a portion of the highlights youll find in formal declarations. In the event that you might want to stay with custom, here are two guides to investigate: Formal Announcement Sample #1Formal Announcement Sample #2 Easygoing and Informal Announcements Possibly youre even more an easygoing alumni who needs to drop all convention and appreciate the festival. Assuming this is the case, there are unlimited approaches to start your declaration and you can have a great time as you like. Here are a couple of models and dont neglect to incorporate the subtleties. Training, Dedication, Jubilation, Graduation!Call the neighbors around, Raise a glass of Chablis,[Tasha] has earned [her] school degree![Shes] Graduating! Declarations Mentioning Family or Friends One more way to deal with the declaration is to incorporate the help of your loved ones. This is a pleasant route for the individuals who care about you most and helped you through school to recognize how glad they are of you. Companions/Family Announcement Sample #1Friends/Family Announcement Sample #2 Declarations with a Religious Theme Regardless of whether you are moving on from a religious school or basically would like to recognize how your confidence helped you in this extraordinary accomplishment, including a moving refrain is a good thought. It additionally doesnt matter which religion you follow, theres motivation in every one of them. Search for a stanza or engraving that relates to learning and information and statement this at the highest point of your declaration. Once more, dont overlook the subtleties! Religious Announcement Sample

KAFKA, HAWTHORNE, AND COETZEE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

KAFKA, HAWTHORNE, AND COETZEE - Essay Example The hero of Kafka's The Trial, Josef K, and the hero of Coetzee's book share a ton in like manner, regardless of whether the last book is more political than anything by Kafka. These issues, and the full intensity of Kafka's The Trial, will be investigated in this paper. Many may propose that Kafka's work has no fore-bearers and that it showed up full fledged. There is sense in this proposal. The period and spot wherein his books and stories were composed were generally novel. The First World War had wrecked numerous innocent convictions about the world and the fast industrialization of the cutting edge world was making troublesome conditions for some individuals. World War II and the decimation of European Jewry snuck not too far off. The feeling of fear in Kafka's work appeared here and there to have the influence of a psychic. It is really alarming. It is as though Kafka realized what was anticipating the world. On the off chance that he had lived, he also may have died in the Hol ocaust. By and by, there were works of writing before Kafka that in someways recommend his work. One of these is Nathaniel Hawthorne's the Scarlet Letter. In this celebrated novel, Hester Prynne is marked with a scarlett An, in the wake of submitting infidelity. She is shunned from her locale and declines to openly distinguish the dad of the youngster that is then misguidedly conceived. The people group has betrayed her. She is expelled from the network by the power of the foundations that ensure open ethics. This is like Kafka's The Trial, yet the most significant qualification to be made, be that as it may, is the thing that every creator's genuine subject is. Hawthorne's objective is society's bad faith and its ability to exclude basically great individuals. In any case, anyway much we may disdain the techniques for the town individuals and their treatment of Hester Prynne, we by the by perceive their brutality and pietism as profoundly human. We know about the human false reverence which these individuals speak to. Also, we may even comprehend that infidelity would be a major issue in an unassuming community in New England during that period. The treatment of Hester might be over the top, however maybe she deserved a type of blame. Kafka's work, in any case, is altogether different. There is little to be comprehended about the powers showed against his different heroes. These powers are not so much human, they appear to not be living. In the Trial, Josef K. is blamed for a vague wrong doing which he didn't submit. In spite of the fact that the establishment that attempts him gives off an impression of being human, plainly it is rather a tremendous machine at work, gradually trying to pound him. There can be no intrigue to energy or mankind, as in the Scarlet Letter. Josef K. is caught by powers that don't feel. From the start, he feels like on the off chance that he just accounts for himself to the court they will comprehend: â€Å"He had regularly pondered whether it probably won't be a smart thought to work out a composed guard and hand it in to the court. It would contain a short depiction of his life and clarify why he had acted the manner in which he had at every occasion that was in any capacity significant, regardless of whether he presently considered he had acted well or sick, and his explanations behind each. There was no uncertainty of the focal points a composed safeguard of this sort would have over depending on the legal advisor, who was in any cas e without his

How to Write About Your Summer Internship in a College Essay

How to Write About Your Summer Internship in a College Essay 4 Ways to Turn Your Summer Internship into an Amazing College Essay 4 Ways to Turn Your Summer Internship into an Amazing College Essay So, you got a summer internship? Well, we  have good news and bad news. We’ll start with the bad news. You have to work all summer. This is really going to take time away from  all of the college essay writing you planned to do this summer (but what are lunch breaks, evenings and weekends for, right?). The good news is that internships are nothing like what you may see in movies. No, you probably won’t be spending hours a day making photocopies and coffee for your superiors. Instead, you’ll be getting real-world experience in a field that you may potentially choose to go into one day, and if you pay attention, you could also end up with the perfect college essay topic. In order to make the most of your internship, it’s important to observe everything going on around you. If you’re like most humans, you won’t remember all of that valuable information unless you make a conscious effort to record it. So, keep a notebook (or notebook app) with you at all times. Just in case you don’t know what to focus on, we put together this guide to show you how to take your notes to the next level. 1. Keep Track of Your Responsibilities You will likely know the basic expectations for your internship before you even begin, but what you’ll realize when you arrive is that your responsibilities grow and change over time as you become more confident and your superiors come to trust your ability to do good work. So make sure to note how your work changes from week to week (or even day to day) and any new skills you acquire as you go. What can you do during week three of your internship that you couldn’t do during week one? What do you know now? Do you take on any additional special projects or tasks? Tracking your growth over the course of your internship is the perfect first step to formulating a compelling and personal narrative for your college essay. 2. Pay Attention to Professional Conversations Take note of how professionals who have already established a place for themselves in the workplace act when talking to other professionals. Pay attention to their mannerisms, the language they use, the amount of eye contact they make, and how they address the other person. What interpersonal skills do people in this field seem to cultivate? How do they relate to your own gifts? Will you have to push yourself out of your comfort zone to succeed or are you a perfect fit? Allowing your internship to be a springboard for this kind of self reflection will give you a personal angle for your application essay, not to mention a clearer sense of what you might want to be when you grow up. 3. Write Down (and ask) Questions As you start to delve into assigned tasks and get into the groove of your internship, you’ll probably have a lot of questions. Write them down. No question is a stupid question! Decide who will best answer your question, then ask it. Once you have the answer, write that down too! Not only will you gain information this way, but you may also form meaningful connections with colleagues who will begin to support and trust you as you gain more competence and comfort with their profession. Keeping track of questions and their answers will also serve as a good record of your learning over the course of your internship. 4. Get Contact Information You mean to say your coworker is a Brown University Alum and that just so happens to be your top choice school? Get their contact information! Write it down! Ask this person questions about Brown. Write that down too! Even if this person isn’t an alum of your top school, you still can gain valuable insight from anyone in the professional world. You’ll know what kinds of programs can help you on your journey to your ideal career, and also what kinds of people and values those programs cultivate. With all of this personal information in hand, you will be able to tailor any personal statement you want to showcase your most relevant qualities and experiences. Though it may not seem like the most glamorous summer, having an internship is a privilege and it’s your opportunity to get your feet wet in the sea of professionalism. So, make observations, ask questions, and take notes. Good luck and we really hope you don’t end up being one of those interns that just make coffee! About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth » Need help writing your essay? Give College Essay Academy a Try. WATCH CHAPTER 1 FOR FREE »

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With The Rapid Growth Of World Population, The Limited

With the rapid growth of world population, the limited supply of the non-renewable energy demand is increasing, especially in the developing countries. This situation causes the risk of depletion of cheap fossil energy sources, as well as environmental pollution and climate change. Therefore, the researchers worldwide have been tried continually to find solutions for the diversification of energy sources, reduce harmful emissions and emissions of greenhouse into the environment, and the renewable energy have been the centre of attention. The renewable energy is that energy which is collected from the renewable energy sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. This energy can be used again and again and it will†¦show more content†¦In contrast, renewable energy does not create greenhouse gases and has little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical contaminants. Renewable energy resources produce very less carbon dioxide inste ad of carbon intensity of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas while being only a small amount of fuel during manufacture of equipment, Walser (2012). Without creating any contaminants, we can convert energy from one form to another with the help of renewable energy resources. Chandler (2006) takes solar energy as an example, light energy from the sun can be easily converted into electricity using solar panels without causing any contaminated gases like carbon monoxide or other greenhouse gases. Similarly, wind energy can also be converted into electricity without causing any pollution. Wind turbines are very safe, so this is obviously a great advantage of causing renewable energy for environment as it has minimal impacts on environment and is also pollution free. Apart from that, a diversified energy mix is another important benefit of the renewable energy resources, Pasolini (2012). It is an important and necessary addition to the security of global energy, while fossil fuels are increasingly depleted. In some cases, the renewable energy may be more reliable than other forms of electricity. For illustration, the renewable energy technologies such as generator powered by photovoltaic cell canShow MoreRelatedGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthat becomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and islands in the world. This is not shocking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodic occurrences. Populat ion debates like this are why, in 2011Read MoreGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World1605 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and unoccupied islands in the world. This is not shocking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodic occurrences. Population debates like this are why,Read MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesresult, most countries of the world have experienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first centu ry the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impactsRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Food Production On Africa925 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed. Firstly, rapid growth of population in Africa is responsible for degradation and soil erosion, decline of the land’s ability to recovery, and retain productivity. The unpredictable droughts or floods also introduce high levels of risk into farming, particularly in food production (Mortimore. M. 2005). In addition, limited smallholder agriculture and agricultural investment are also the main concerns that are causing the low food production in Africa. Other concerns including limited agriculturalRead MoreThe Development Of The World Population1528 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, the development of the world population directly depends on the mode of social production, especially the leve l of development of productive forces. In the history, mankind got the tremendous progress in productivity often with the population rapid develop. In the primitive society, the primitive society s population birth rate and the mortality rate all maintained at about 50% because of the objective law and the social production mode. The number of the population maintain in a state of highRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 Pagessustain the population. The limited natural resources have increased challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. 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Some ofRead MoreThe Rise Of The Standard Of Living1738 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThe various nations worldwide are involved in the constant quest to improve their economic growth that in turn would pave a way for the increase in the standard of living. This is especially true for under-developed and developing economies that have immense growth potential and need to exploit their available resources through prudent policy measures and structural reforms to improve the standard of living of the people. However, this increase in the standard of living leads to increased consumptionRead MoreOverpopulation And Its Effects On The Environment1428 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem. This past year world population exceeded 7.3 billion and continues to grow at an alarming rate. By the year 2050 it is projected that world population will exceed over nine billion. Overpopulation puts a serious strain on the world and its resources and is a root cause of many environmental issues. Issues such as, climate change, diminishing biodiversity, and pollution, are all ju st some of the problems caused by overpopulation. In order to control the rapid population growth it is imperative thatRead MoreProbably The Greatest Ecological Problem Of Our Time Is1051 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem of our time is the rapid growth of the human population. During most of the time humans have lived on Earth, its population has grown fairly steadily and slowly. For example, between the years 10 000 and 500 a. the global population passed from 5 million to 100 million. By the year 13000 of our era it reached 500 million, and by the beginning of the nineteenth century it had doubled to 1000 million. Since then there has been a real explosion of the human population, reaching more than 5000

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Personal...

Executive Summary This report evaluates the roles of the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) for increasing the level of managerial effectiveness of the employees based on ASDA. Application of the CSR practices can create several opportunities for retaining the best employees at the workplace. It can set up the standards of the employees by considering the flexibility at the workplace. It considers equality and diversity at the workplace and measures valid performance measurement scale. CSR applications can protect the rights of the employees and motivates the organisations for not taking part into any illegal business operations. ASDA has taken consideration of the CSR applications by developing a family oriented organisational culture†¦show more content†¦For example, environmental standard agency at the UK may impose penalties if any company failed to meet the requirements made by the government. (Fig-1: Carroll’s CSR pyramid, adapted from, CSR Quest, 2014) According to the Carroll’s CSR pyramid, there are four responsibilities of implementing the CSR practices at the organisation such as:- a) Economic: Economic responsibilities are the important aspects of implementing the CSR practices such as it considers higher level of return from the investors and considers fair wages, application of the new technology which can increase the level of economic return for the organisation. It is the foundation of the business growth and depending on these factors the other factors (CSR Quest, 2014). b) Legal: Legal factors consider the laws and regulations that can develop the acceptable and unacceptable behaviour of the people at the organisation. It can set up the standard for the employees and employees need to follow those legal regulations effectively (Jamali and Mirshak, 2007). c) Ethical: Ethical factors will go ahead with the legal factors which considers about behaving in a fair and right manner. It can increase the mortality of the employees at the workplace and tells about what is right and wrong for the organisation. d) Philanthropic or Discretionary: At the pick point of the CSR pyramid the philanthropic or discretionary responsibilities will take place. It will consider the philanthropic actsShow MoreRelatedResistance As A Social Agent1587 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurring as a threat to them (Hultman, 1998). The resistance changes when a large force is applied to the surprising amount to resist change for some trend. There are two forms: individual and systemic change resistance. Individual change resistance is a social agent like an individual, organisation, and corporation etc, to support or adopt new behaviour. 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International Chemical Trade Personal Health Budgets

Questions: Tasks:Read widely and investigate further the facts in the article above and answer the following questions:1. Explain the importance of international trade to an open economy such as the UK (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 1.1)2. a) Define Comparative Advantage, Absolute advantage and Terms of Trade Exchange Rateb) Assess the significance of comparative advantage, absolute advantage, the terms of trade and exchange rates to the UK economy (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 1.2) 3. Assuming that the balance of payment of an imaginary country comprises the following main items (all figures in millions of ): exports of goods 0; imports of goods 500; government (invisibles) -150; other invisibles +200; investment and other capital flows -45. Describe the structure of the balance of payments and calculate the:a. Visible trade balance, b. Current balance and c. Balance for official financing. (The above provides evidence for assessment criteria 1.3)4. What is Surplus and Deficit in an economy?a. Explain the terms surplus and deficitb. Explain the significance of long-term deficits to open economies(This provides evidence for assessment criteria 1.4)Task 2aProductivity growth has increased in Central and Eastern European countries relative to Western European countries. This has implications for the real exchange rate. Lets look at the Czech Republic versus France (suppose they are the only two European countries). For your task you are required to explain the role played by exchange rates in European business.(This provides evidence for assessment criteria 2.1)Task 2bThe Euro is a single currency arrangement that came into theoretical operation between 11 members of the European Union in January 1999. On January 1st 2002, 12 EU members got rid of their own currencies and introduced the Euro as their sole currency. A single currency means that there are no longer separate national monetary policies, and instead a new central bank has been set up The European Central Bank that conducts a Europe wide monetary policy, in particular the setting of interest rates. That means a loss of separate national monetary policies interest rates and exchange rates. Should Germany want to introduce an economic policy to fight back against unemployment, it cannot do so as this can only come from the European Central Bank.For your task you are required to analyse the advantages attributed to the adoption of a single European currency. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 2.2)Task 2cExplain the difference between free trade and protectionism and the role played by tariffs, quotas and deregulation within the EU. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 2.3)Task 2dOne of the founding principles of the European Union is the freedom of movement of workers (Article 39 of the Treaty establishing the European Community). The free movement of workers is essential for the creation of an area without internal frontiers, and for the strengthening of economic and social cohesion as well as active European citizenship in creating wealth for the economic development. Despite these obvious returns geographic and occupational mobility rates are still relatively low in the European Union, both within and between countries. For instance, on average between 2000 and 2005, workers mobility within EU Member States (regional mobility) amounted to only one per cent each year. This is much lower than mobility rates across Australian territories and US states, which exceed two and three per cent, respectively (Adapted from European Commission, 2007). For your task you are required to evaluate the importance of geographic and occupational mobility in wealth creation for EU member countries.Task 3aThe Communities Act 1972, which gives legitimacy to the UKs membership of the EU is under threat. Mr Cameron, the UK Prime Minister, has promised a referendum by 2017 to allow the British people decide whether or not the UK s hould remain in the EU. If the majority vote is for the UK to pull out of the EU, it means that the Communities Act will be repealed and the UK will no longer be a member of the EU. One of the overarching arguments behind the referendum is that the UK seem to have relinquished too much powers to the EU, through the main EU institutions. Read widely and investigate further the facts above and answer the following question:1)A. dvise the UK government on what role the main EU institutions play in the determination and legitimising of EU policy; and briefly discuss whether there is any veracity to the argument that the UK has relinquished too much powers to these institutions. Task 3bA fictitious directive 267/14 was issued by the EU to all member states on 1 October 2014. It prohibits the export of fire arms out of the EU. The UK government has come to you for advice as they are concerned that if they implement this directive, they will be in breach of their contract with a non-EU cou ntry to whom they supply fire arms. The contract is due for renewal on 1 October 2015.Consider the scenario above and answer the following questions2) Advise the UK government on the function of EU directives and whether or not you think they will be in breach as described above. Further, should the UK decide to ignore the directive, what consequences, if at all, do you think may follow. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 3.2) 2) What are the main EU funding streams? Evaluate their structure and purpose. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 3.3) Task 4 France and Italy pressed for an easing of budget restrictions to stimulate growth and cut unemployment in Europe, but won no concession from the German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who insisted that countries had to move faster on reforms. The difference over budgetary policy overshadowed the Milan meeting of EU leaders on how to create jobs, as the multi-year budget plans of both France and Italy seemed likely to be rejected by the European Commission because of their fiscal backsliding.While government leaders and EU officials agreed on the need to tackle record youth unemployment, which has exceeded 40 per cent in several Eurozone countries, they seemed no closer on the policy prescriptions.Responding to a prior call by Hollande for Germany to exploit its trade surplus and balanced budget to adopt more expansionary policies, Angela Merkel said her country had already taken steps to boost domestic demand by 15bn Euros" (City AM 10 Oct.2014) Tasks1) Produce a profile of the EU as a trading bloc and discuss its importance to member states. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 4.1)2) Evaluate the significance of:a) Linguistics, b) Cultural, c) Logistical and d) Environmental barriers to EU operations; and e) Briefly, explain how these factors may influence as barriers to the national budgets of the member states.(This provides evidence for assessment criteria 4.2)3) Carry out an au dit of possible EU funding streams that may be available and relevant directives to support companies in France or Italy during their financial situation in the case study. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 4.3)4) Produce an action plan which lists the actions necessary for Wonga to begin an investment venture in EU. (This provides evidence for assessment criteria 4.4) Answers: Task 1 1. Importance of the international trade Importance of the international trade in an open market: Exchange of goods in the international markets helps the countries to improve themselves. In the present situation, the economic barriers are broken by the international companies act(Deardorff and Stern, 2011). Key importance of the international open market is: International trade helps the economy to reduce the poverty margins. Not only it reduces the poverty margins but it helps in the development of the private industries. The international trade allows reducing the cost of production. This also allows the developing countries to collect the finance by accepting the investment from foreign. In the open trade the foreign companies can introduce their products in a new market. International trade allows the local companies to have a boost in their profit margins. As mentioned earlier the international trade allows in the development of the local sector. The introduction of the new companies in the locality will generate employment. Through the open market an economy can earn foreign money also(Balance of payments and the relationship to national accounts, 2011). These are the main importance of the international trade. In this manner UK can get foreign money also 2. Assess the significance of comparativeadvantage, absolute advantage, the terms of trade and exchange rates Comparative advantage Comparative advantage is applicable if a company is able to produce the product in cheap than other companies in the market. In an open market the price of a commodity is fixed. Hence if a company can reduce the cost of production, the company can get more profit by selling the same number of production. This is only possible in the open market as the market is full of competition(Hoholm, 2015). Absolute advantage: If a company can give their best in producing a product then the company can get absolute advantage. The company should make their marketing strategies best, they have to make the best quality products and the promotional strategies should be the best one. In this way the company can make sure that they can get the absolute advantage in the market(Chinthapalli, 2012). Terms of trade and exchange rates to the UK economy UK economy has their active participation in the international trade and this allows open market also. The products which are included in the open international trade arevegetable oil and the software. The vegetable oils like the palm oils, Dekel oils etc. are the main marine products. These products are shipped in the market of Africa and south-east Asia. Demand of palm oil in European economy has been increased by huge margins. At that time New Britain managed to increase their market share by huge margins. Market share of the palm oil in New Britain increased from 288.5p to 675p. Dakeloil boosted their share margins also. This is palm oil producer managed to increase their market share from 0.1p to 1.47p. The market demand in US and in the Asian market also helped to add huge margins in the share market and that too within an overnight. This market demand of the palm oil added 46.15 points upward in the share market(Coutts and Rowthorn, 2013). Not only have the products, some companies also taken a vital role in the boost of the market share in UK economy. the companies which took the crucial role in this process are, Fresnillo, Randgold, Antofagasta, PolymetaGold rose, Egyptian gold producer Centamin etc. all of them added few points which pushed the economy upwards(Chinthapalli, 2012). C. Structure of the balance of payments The visible trade balance Export goods 400 Import goods 500 Government 150 Investment and other flow 45 Other invisible 200 The calculation of visible trade balance = The Export Goods = 400*12.38% = 49.52 Import goods = 500*9.38% = 46.90 Government = 150*12.38% = 18.57 Therefore, the visible trade balance = $114.99 The Current Balance = ($150.00 $114.99) = $35.01 the balance amount is = ($114.99 - $35.01) = $79.98 4. a. Trade surplus and deficit Trade surplus In the language of economics, trade surplus occurs if the economy exports more than their import. This means they dont have to depend too much in the imported goods. The economy has a positive balance in their trade. Surplus balance in an economy is good for the economy. This implies that an amount of inflow of the foreign currency in the domestic market(Kameda, 2014). Trade deficit Generally this term is used at the time of calculating the cash flows. This term suggests that, the outflow of cash is more than cash inflow. Actually this is the opposite side of the trade surplus. Deficit suggests an amount of outflow of the domestic currency in the international market. This is not good for an economy. In this manner value of the domestic currency will decrease in respect to the foreign currencies(Floyd, 2010). b. Significance of long-term deficits to open economies The relationship between the long term deficit and openness of the economy is positive. There should be some key elements in the relationship, like government expenditure. Long term deficit implies that the economy is importing too much. In simple language the economy is trying to invest the foreign techniques in their domestic economy. This will help the domestic economy for the future profit. The deficit in trade implies that the economy is not exporting too much but they are fetching foreign products for the betterment of their economy in future(ChemViews, 2014). Task 2 2.a Role played by exchange rates Exchange rate is a relationship between two economies. With the help of the relationship the value of import and export are determined. This is a trade relationship which determines the value of money in respect to another. Here if Czech Republic versus France wants to make a trade relationship between them, then they have to determine the exchange rates. Economic conditions of the two countries are not same. Hence, if they are going to exchange their products, they have to pay according to the exchange rates(Greenaway, Kneller and Zhang, 2010). Role of exchange rates: Inflation: The exchange rates can cause of inflation in an economy. If the exchange rate goes beyond the range of the economy then the economy can face inflation and which is not a good thing.On the other hand if the exchange rated stay under control, the economy doesnthave to pay more and there will be no chance of inflation in that economy. In case of Czech Republic versus France, which of these two has the better and developed economy will enjoy the benefit of exchange rates and the other one will face inflation(Kameda, 2014). Interest rates: Interest rates and inflation are highly interrelated with each other. Hence at the time of inflation the interest rates surely go beyond the reach of the common people. On the other hand if inflation rate stay under control then the public in general dont have to pay extra amount of money as interest. By influencing the inflation rate exchange rate controls the interest rates also. This is another role of the exchange rates(Klein and Shambaugh, 2004). Trade deficit and surplus: Exchange rate also helps an economy to make trade surplus or leads an economy to the trade deficit. As mentioned before in case of high exchange rate, the have to pay extra in terms of money. In this process the money is drained and trade deficit noticed. Hence the exchange rate plays a crucial role in the trade deficits and surplus(Maurel and Schnabl, 2011). Public debt If an economy faces long term deficits then the relevant Government has to print extranotes to pay off the deficits. But this is not a permanent solution. In this manner the price of the products will increase and the economy will face inflation surely. Hence this is clear that the exchange rate plays a vital role in the issuing more money(May and Nesaretnam, 2014). 2.b Advantages attributed to the adoption of a single European currency Euro is the second largest reserve currency in the globe. Euro notes and coins came into flow on January 1st 2002. It was expected that the euro will present too much benefit to their members. Transaction cost: If all of the European countries use the same currency then they dont have to follow the exchange rates. In this manner the international open market will be treated as the domestic market in terms of the exchange of money. A result of a survey said the benefit of the Euro is equal to 1% of the total GDP of that relevant economy(Kumhof and Laxton, 2009). Price transparency: As mentioned earlier if the economies are using the same currency then they dint have to pay the extra as per the exchange rate. As they are using the same then the price of the products will also remain same. Hence the price transparency will be there(Melitz, 2009). Inflation performance: As per ECB the interest rates are low and for this particular reason the inflation of the economy is also under control. Inward investment: as the transaction cost is very low, the economy allows the inward investment also. 2.c Difference between open and protective market In case of the free trade policy the barriers are missing. In this section the openness of the market is followed. In case of the protective market, there are so many protections and the companies have to maintain all of them. In case of the open market all of the barriers are missing. Exchange of the goods, services and the culture are also transferred in this market. In the protective market, the companies have to pay extra tax to the government and in case of the open market the companies dont have to pay extra tax(Rupilius and Ahmad, 2007). 2.d Importance of geographic and occupational mobility Geographic According to the point of view of a policy maker the geographic mobility helps an economy a lot in the improvement of the total economy. With the help of the geographical mobility the economy can engage their skilled labor anywhere in their country. Mainly three types of advantage can be derived from geographic matter(Rupilius and Ahmad, 2007). They are: Increase labor supply: By engaging more workers in the economy, the production can be increased. Productivity increased: Geographic mobility helps the economy to engage more skilled labors. This also helps to increase the production level(Miller, 2002). Occupational Occupational mobility is also very important factor for the production department of the economy. Occupational mobility means transfer from one work to another. This will surely help the economy in increment of the production level. Increase the supply of labor: With the help of this mobility, the labor crisis can be neglected. in case if the new companies, they can use these labors from another industries(Rupilius and Ahmad, 2007). Low wage rate: As the supply of the labors increases than the supply, the cost of the labor falls. Task 3 1. Role of the main EU institutions in determining and legitimizing policy Firstly, the goal of the policy makers and other institutions was to make a connection between the trade and legitimacy(Langdana, 2009). The role of the policy makers and the institutions was to make sure that the economy can feel the result of the achievement. The policy makers decided that they will connect the trade and the legitimacy in terms of empirical and theoretical link. The role of the institutions was to create the link between these two. Secondly, the policy makers were bound to make transparent policies to make sure that all of the departments are free of corruption. In case of the anti-corruption department the policy makers and the EU institution played a vital role(Snehota, 2015) Lastly, the policy makers and main EU institutions played a crucial role in the openness and the accountability of the policies. 2. Role played by EU directives In order to describe the role of EU directives it is perhaps best to first look at EU regulations(STORCK, 2001). The key roles of the EU directives are to implement the working time regulations. In this manner the directives can assure that the private organizations are not forcing their workers to work more. The directives played a crucial role in case of the in implementation of the Equal pay per act 1970. In this cast the directives aimed at the benefit of workers. They played their adequate role in this section also. The directives are ordered to pass required legislations as per the law. They should play their role according to the law. Making the decision is also a crucial role which the directives should follow(Waluszewski and Snehota, 2015). 3. Structures and the purpose of the main EU funding stream Purpose Mainly three purposes are there which the organization is following. The purposes of the main EU funding streams are: Convergence objective: in this section the main streams of the organization aims at those areas in which per capita income is less than 75% of the total GDP. The goal of this section is to enrich those areas with human and physical capital, innovation and knowledge. By improving these sectors the economic growth can be noticed in those places(Oatley, 2010). Regional competitiveness: In this section the institution aims at the healthy competition of the companies. Here the main goal of the institution is to provide such environment where the companies can face a healthy competition. In this manner the production of the companies will increase surely(Zhang, 2000). Structure EU is such an organization which deals with the overall development of the economy. this is nor possible for the organization they can handle all of there work all by themselves. Here the organization made some fragments. These departments helps the organization to cover all of there targets. To achieve the goal, EU needs funds also and the organization helps them to collect the fund. The structure or the main body of the organization is divided into these departments and the departments are: European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund(ESF), Cohesion Fund (CF), European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and European Maritime Fisheries Fund (EMFF). With the help of the main elements makes the organization a successful one(Sulikov, Sinickov and Horvth, 2014). Task 4 1 EU as a trading bloc Main goal of the EU is to connect the people closer together with the help of technology. This also helps to make a conclusion of the political issues. The institution follows some basic regional economic integration. The levels are: In the first section EU allows the countries to remove the industrial barrier. This EU adds some extra burdens to the non-members. In the third stage the mobility of the resources and the productions are taken in the account. In the last stage some basic economic policies and the political integration is followed(Tomlinson, 2006). The institution was started their work after the World War II. After the destructive result of the war the organization felt the need of the purposes and they began to work. The organization is working hard to achieve their goal and they are doing this smoothly(Tomlinson, 2006). 2. The significance of linguistic, cultural, logistical and environmental barriers to EU operations After the addition of the new states in EU, the power of the EU increased. As the power of the institution increases they spread their area of work. They selected so many applications for the betterment of the economy. To improve the international trade EU removed the barriers of trade also. To open the market they started too many policies also. This was done in order to set up a local operation freely. Exchange of the culture was another issue. Linguistic diversity is another issue to EU. In the current scenario this is one of the biggest social issues. At present almost all of the communities want to stay in the front of the line. Hence to make sure that the communities are not getting into any conflict the institution has to take the responsibility(Welfens, 2002). 3. An audit of possible EU funding stream Internal audit helps the companies to support the budget in order to make sure that the companies can achieve their goal. Hence the internal audit is important to the companies. EU should maintain the internal audit also. EU has so many sources of finance. They have to take the funds to achieve all of their goals. This institution also deals with lot of money. Hence the audit is mandatory in this company. The process of carrying out the internal audit has discussed below: Internal audit helps the management to reach at the goal of the company. Hence in the first step the auditor determines that if the goal of the organisation has been achieved or not. After that the auditor collects the key evidence and then the complete the testing of the transparency of the evidences. After collecting the evidences the auditor precedes his work and discusses his finding with the managers to make sure that the statements are clear or not. In the next step the auditor prepares a draft report and he consult the report with the management and discuss the report with the head of the internal audit. After all of the valid discussions the auditor produces the report. The auditor is liable to all of the mistakes in the financial report. Hence he should make the audit properly (Zhang and Sato, 2012). Tesco is a retail giant and the goal of the supermarket is to provide the best quality to their customers in reasonable price. Take care of the taste of the customers and provide goods and services according to their need. The managers want to give the best after sale service to their customers in order to make them the permanent customers and to attract new customers. The managements want to develop the managerial level of the company also. The management of the retail giant wants to make a strong bond with the suppliers to fulfil the demand of the customers. These are the objective of the supermarket. Vision of Tesco Vision of Tesco is consisted with five elements. The elements are: They want to spread them in all around the world. To make the business a growing one and full of opportunities To use new techniques and technologies in their business. To engage all of the resources of the business in proper places To attract the customers and investors also Mission of Tesco The aim of Tesco is to make better relationship with the customers. The mission of this retail giant is to provide the vest quality to their customers. Make a strong relationship with the supplier in order to supply the customers whenever needed. The managers of the Tesco wants to know about the taste of the customers to serve them according to their will. These are some mission of the company. The main mission of the company is to beat all of their rivals in the market nd to get the top most position in the retail market. 4.Action plan of starting a venture Starting a venture is not that difficult. The venture is a small business and the lifespan of the business is also very small. To start a venture the owner should make the research about the taste of the locality. To know the taste of the locality he can run a survey. Then to carry out the business the proprietor has to arrange the adequate capital. Collecting the fund is an important task to do. He can take the loan or he can bring the personal savings also. Selecting a place is an important factor. The proprietor has to select a place where he can stay in the focus of the market. These are the preliminary steps of starting a venture. As there is no advertisement cost in the venture, the owner has to take such plan in which he can attract more people. The quality of the products should be good. Conclusion EU is such an organisation who deals with different types of financial difficulties and the main aim of the institution is to bring a hike in the profit level of the local industries. Just after World War II, this institution started their journey. This organisation opened the barrier of economy. In this manner the market of the products increased. This also helped the industries in engaging the skilled labours in proper places. For the benefit of the member of this organisation EU instructed to use euro. This was a revolutionary decision taken by this organisation. This policy avoided the risk of exchange rates. Mobility of the workers is another feature which helped the company a lot to engage the skilled labours in anywhere of the country. To maintain all the activities of this organisation, they need source and the branches of this organisation help them to collect fund. As this organisation deal with the liquid cash, they need the internal audit. This is also important to mainta in the goodwill of the company. References ChemViews, (2014). International Chemical Trade. ChemViews. Chinthapalli, K. (2012). Personal health budgets: surplus of cash or deficit of ideas?. BMJ, 345(dec10 2), pp.e8329-e8329. Deardorff, A. and Stern, R. (2011). Comparative advantage, growth, and the gains from trade and globalization. New Jersey: World Scientific. Hoholm, T. (2015). Interaction avoidance in networks. IMP Journal, 9(2), pp.117-135. Kameda, K. (2014). Budget deficits, government debt, and long-term interest rates in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 32, pp.105-124. Maurel, M. and Schnabl, G. (2011). Keynesian and Austrian Perspectives on Crisis, Shock Adjustment, Exchange Rate Regime and (Long-Term) Growth. Open Econ Rev, 23(5), pp.847-868. May, C. and Nesaretnam, K. (2014). Research advancements in palm oil nutrition. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 116(10), pp.1301-1315. Melitz, J. (2009). Long Term Reform and the Banking Crisis. Open Econ Rev, 21(1), pp.159-161. Rupilius, W. and Ahmad, S. (2007). Palm oil and palm kernel oil as raw materials for basic oleochemicals and biodiesel. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109(4), pp.433-439. Snehota, A. (2015). Interaction dilemmas. IMP Journal, 9(2). STORCK, W. (2001). Trade Surplus Still Falling. Chemical Engineering News, 79(36), p.12. Waluszewski, A. and Snehota, I. (2015). Editorial. IMP Journal, 9(1). Balance of payments and the relationship to national accounts. (2011). United Kingdom Balance of Payments: The Pink Book, 2011(1), pp.139-141. Chinthapalli, K. (2012). Personal health budgets: surplus of cash or deficit of ideas?. BMJ, 345(dec10 2), pp.e8329-e8329. Coutts, K. and Rowthorn, R. (2013). The UK balance of payments: structure and prospects. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 29(2), pp.307-325. Floyd, J. (2010). Interest rates, exchange rates and world monetary policy. Berlin: Springer. Greenaway, D., Kneller, R. and Zhang, X. (2010). The Effect of Exchange Rates on Firm Exports: The Role of Imported Intermediate Inputs. The World Economy, 33(8), pp.961-986. Klein, M. and Shambaugh, J. (2004). Fixed exchange rates and trade. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Kumhof, M. and Laxton, D. (2009). Fiscal Deficits and Current Account Deficits. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Langdana, F. (2009). Macroeconomic policy. New York: Springer. Miller, N. (2002). Balance of payments and exchange rate theories. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Oatley, T. (2010). Real Exchange Rates and Trade Protectionism. Business and Politics, 12(2). Sulikov, V., Sinickov, M. and Horvth, D. (2014). Twin deficits in small open Baltic economies. Panoeconomicus, 61(2), pp.227-239. Tomlinson, J. (2006). Part-time occupational mobility in the service industries: regulation, work commitment and occupational closure. The Sociological Review, 54(1), pp.66-86. Welfens, P. (2002). Interneteconomics.net.. New York: Springer. Zhang, X. (2000). China's trade patterns and international comparative advantage. Houndmills [England]: Macmillan Press. Zhang, Z. and Sato, K. (2012). Should Chinese Renminbi be Blamed for Its Trade Surplus? A Structural VAR Approach. The World Economy, 35(5), pp.632-650.

Case study of HIV in South Africa

Capital punishment misc11 essays

Capital punishment misc11 essays In the eighteenth century,England would punish by death for pickpocketing and petty theft. Ever since the 1650's colonist could be put to death for denying the true god or cursing their parents advocates. Capital Punishment have clashed almost continuously in the forum of public opinion in state legislatures and most recently in courts. In 1972,the case of furman vs.Georgia reached the supreme court. The court decided that punishment by death did indeed violate the eighth amendment to containing that "excessive fines imposed,nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted." By this decision death sentences all over the country were set aside. The three most common death penalties are the gas chamber,lethal injection,and the electric chair. Capital punishment has become an increasingly controversial issue over many decades. The problem lies between, is the death penalty being accepted in murder cases or ruled out completely. While some people feel that Capital Punishment will not discourage crime, Capital punishment should be legalized in all states, because it is morally just and it will deter crime. The many opponents of capital punishment who are against it feel that the death penalty is not a deterrent and that it is barbariaertic of the past. It has no place in a civilized society today. One of the biggest arguments against capital punishment is people feel that it violates the eighth amendment which forbids cruel and unusual punishment. People against Capital Punishment believe the death penalty is absurd and is in un-christian practice. Further more, they feel society should not" encourage sentiments of vengenance cater to morbid interest in ritual execution." Criminologists also built a strong case that the threat of death failed to deter murder, anymore effectively than prison. Therefore, to inflict harm to one,...

Dragon in China A Symbol of Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dragon in China A Symbol of Empowerment - Essay Example By going through the description of ‘Ladle with dragon handle’ on the website of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, it has been observed that the kind of ancient item provided by the museum at their site, demonstrates the creative and philosophical background of ancient Chinese culture. The ladle has been used in the third century for kitchen chores and whisky pouring. The historical object in the museum ladle can be located with a dragon’s head, which is particularly at its handle. A visitor to the museum can observe that the dragon has pointed ears and bulging eyes as the most prominent features. Additionally, its two long horns and attenuated snout are also those elements that serve in drawing the attention of the audience. As per the astrologists, the ladles were unearthed from the land of Kingdom of Wu. This denotes that ladles were of great importance for the Kingdom (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Considering the historical existence of dragon in Chinese culture, it is evident that the ladle with dragon heads are mere symbol of strength and power for the kingdom. If the history of Yangzi river valley is assessed, dragons are always found serving the kingdom with good luck and blessings (Fiero 14). In Chinese culture, the ladle with dragon head have always been considered as the sign of serenity as it was used in the kitchen; therefore, during the recent period of modernization, the importance of dragons cannot be ignored. It should also be noted that the roots of such symbol go back to the beliefs presented in Confucianism’s content (Visser and Coleman 21-23). On the other hand, the pieces such as ladle with dragon head in China were sustaining the Chinese rise to empire; thus, the support acquired from the dragon and its symbolization had always supported the kingdom with strength and power. The richest culture of the region holds the dragons at every pace of the civil ization; therefore, the presence of dragons over ladles and other widely used utensils can be observed. This gives a clear indication of the worth of the pieces, Ladle, for Emperor  Qianlongs reign of the Qing Dynasty at its best. To be more precis, the era was (220–265), 3rd century. As most of the people are found believing that Chinese Dragon actually symbolizes the evil there is still a certain degree of misconception. Chinese also believed that dragons provide harmony to the patients. In simpler words, the dragons have the ability to help patients heal during sickness. The misconception appeared popular, because the dragon in west is considered as the symbol of Satan, because of the devilish attitudes (Visser and Coleman 71-83). It should be noted that ladle is of great value and kept in the museum because it highlights Chinese cultural heritage. It is observable that ladle 36.8 cm which is over greater cost. The worth of the ladle is noted to be beyond millions for it s make. The beliefs of old Chinese population and empire demonstrate their psychology that a daily using utensil with imprinted or carved dragon head may empower their existence over the world to rule with the domination they want to acquire. The modern Chinese society also believes in the old notions, that greatness, goodness and blessings are indulged with the symbol of dragon that may bless them as their ancestors were blessed. Such worth of ladle with dragon head in Chinese history is due to the fact that the believers deem dragons as the controlling power of the

Disorder Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disorder Paper - Essay Example The patient sees her thin body as fat. The patient starves oneself until the body weight dangerously drops lower than the normal weight of the average person, in accordance with one’s height. The psychological problem occurs when the patients starve themselves by taking only water diets, just like what Karen Carpenter did. The body is deprived of its need for solid food. With Karen Carpenter’s death, eating problems, such as Anorexia Nervosa, was scrutinized and well discussed in the press and in society (Lucas, 2004). The patient must do what society requires (to be thin) in order to be accepted (Simpson, 2002). Alexander Lucas (Lucas, 2004;3) emphasized â€Å"Hilde Bruch called anorexia nervosa a new disease that selectively befalls the young, the rich, and the beautiful. The widespread publicity that revolved around the disease—anorexia nervosa—in the 1970s awakened us to its existence and made it seem that an epidemic had begun. Some anorexic women are indeed rich and beautiful.† The author mentioned patients of the emotionally dysfunctional Anorexia Nervosa eating disorder include teenage girls living in a family having average income (Goozen, 2004). Many of the patients do not relate beauty with one’s weight. The disorder is third most prevalent chronic illness among teenage women. However the disease also affects women who are older. The disorder cropped up because of society’s impression that â€Å"thin is in†. However, starting one self of nutrition can precipitate to osteoporosis, a bone ailment (Golden, 2010). Further, Helen Malson (1998;112) reiterated â€Å"The thin body thus sustains a multiplicity of meanings and may signify a variety of (often conflicting) subjectivities. The discursive and physical management of the thin/anorexic body and the discursive struggle over its meanings can thus be understood as a management of identity. The

Comparison of Panhellenic Structures and Greek Sanctuaries

Comparison of Panhellenic Structures and Greek Sanctuaries In What Ways Were Panhellenic Sanctuaries Distinctive in Comparison with Other Kinds of Greek Sanctuaries? This work is going to centre on the Panhellenic sanctuaries of Olympia and Delphi and what made them distinctive, but also the reasons why these distinctions occurred. To achieve this I am going to focus the discussion on the origins of the sanctuaries in comparison to others that did not have Panhellenic status and also the types of activity that were established at these sanctuaries that were able to appeal to such a vast selection of people. According to tradition the Olympic games were first held in 776 BC, but cult activity at Olympia had its origins some time before this as evidenced by the presence of terracotta and bronze votive figurines, which suggest a date of at least the late 10th century BC (Morgan 1990: 57). During this period however the sanctuary was by no means Panhellenic and was mainly used by local groups. The site of the sanctuary of Zeus Olympios at Olympia was located in a fertile plain on the banks of the River Alpheios in the northwest Peloponnese, and was not controlled by any one state, which, as we shall see, was a key requirement for it becoming Panhellenic. Metal evidence of bronze and occasionally iron tripods points to settlements from the regions of Messenia and Arkadia as the main groups participating in the sanctuary in this earlier period and the reasons for this may have been to do with the remoteness of the site. It may have been, as Morgan suggests, a neutral meeting place at which in ter-regional relations were developed (Morgan 1990: 30, 85, Hall 2007: 272). It can be seen therefore that even during its earlier history, Olympia took on a role that fostered relations between different groups, in this case of the western Peloponnese rather than the larger Greek world. In the 8th century the number of communities using the sanctuary hugely increased as shown by a massive rise in the number of tripods being dedicated there. Tripods were seen as high status items and were an indictor of wealth, and were among the prizes given by Achilles at the funeral games of Patroclus in the Iliad: For swift charioteers first he set forth goodly prizes, a woman to lead away, one skilled in goodly handiwork, and an eared tripod of two and twenty measuresfor him that should be first.'(Homer Iliad 23.264-265) It can be seen from this that in around 700BC, the approximate date of the composition of the Iliad, tripods were given as prizes, but as Osborne notes, it is difficult to determine whether this association existed earlier in the 8th century. Despite this he suggests that the rise in tripod dedication coincides with the traditional creation of the Olympic games in 776 and argues that the reason for there being many more tripods than the number of possible victors is that the range of type and manufacture points to people bringing their own tripods to dedicate whether victorious or not (Osborne 1996: 96). It is the view of Hall however that this date of 776 was exaggerated through the calculations of Hippias of Elis to increase the standing of the games. He asserts that as the other great Panhellenic games were not established until the 6th century the Olympic games may also have their origins in this century (Hall 2007: 32, 272). Morgan on the other hand, believes there may be an ele ment of truth in Pausanias account that the games were re-established in 776, and puts forward the idea that there may have been a small scale local festival tradition in place prior to the 8th century. She argues that although a precedent may have been in place, wider participation in the games did not commence until c.725BC (Morgan 1990: 48). It does seem odd however that the other Panhellenic games at Delphi, Nemea and Isthmia were not established until over a hundred years after those at Olympia, and yet these were apparently founded within quick succession (between c.582 and c.573). I am therefore in support of Halls position that perhaps the antiquity of the games was exaggerated, and it seems more likely that their origins lie in the late 7th or possibly even early 6th century. If it were not games then, what drew people to the Olympic sanctuary to cause the sudden increase in the number of tripods dedicated? There is another explanation which shows a changing attitude in the ideas of individual identity and the display of wealth. The dedications could reflect a new desire to display wealth for the viewing of a much wider audience. This would therefore have been a way of displaying social status but may also have provided opportunities for increasing your position within a social hierarchy. The sheer numbers of tripods may also reflect the need to compete with others outside of your own community. Olympia was therefore the ideal place for these activities, situated on two major rivers and so providing ample status boosting attention and also on neutral territory in a remote location, the distance, and thus the added danger, increasing the prestige of the dedicator (De Polignac 1994: 11, Osborne 1996: 98). This seems to be a valid suggestion in explaining th e influx of votive offerings. A fundamental change in attitude appears likely as an explanation for these new practices, as an increase in cultic practice was taking place throughout Greece. For example in the sanctuary of Pherai only two fibulae have so far been found dating to the 9th and early 8th centuries compared to 1783 from the late 8th and early 7th. This can also be seen in a range of other objects at various different sanctuaries, and is not restricted to the future Panhellenic sites (Osborne 1996: 93). Snodgrass suggests this represented a redirection of wealth to the dedication of the gods, and so it may be no coincidence that in this same period there was also a change in custom in that the dead were no longer buried with the range or wealth of grave-goods that they once were (Snodgrass 1980: 53-4, Osborne 1996: 82). This would imply a change in belief from the display of power, of an individual or possibly even just a family group, in death through the inclusion of wo rldly possessions, to an active display of wealth and social status in life. This may of course have been a factor prior to the 8th century but it is not as archaeologically visible as it becomes through tripod dedications. This is not to say that the games could not have been taking place at the same time, as neither activity is mutually exclusive; however it highlights the practical impossibility of identifying the origins of the games through available archaeology. The sanctuary of Apollo Pythios at Delphi had quite different origins to Olympia and there is no evidence that it had any cult associations until around the start of the 8th century, when bronze tripods and figurines appear. It is Morgans view that the sanctuary began life as a local shrine for the village of Delphi, which was subsequently adopted by neighbouring states (Morgan 1990: 106). During most of the 8th century dedications were relatively limited especially when compared to other sanctuaries such as Perakhora. These increased considerably in the last quarter of the 8th century, but unlike Olympia where this apparently trailed off in the 7th, these dedications steadily continued coming from locations as diverse as the Peloponnese, Attica and Crete (Osborne 1996: 202-203). Similarly to Olympia, Delphi was situated in quite a remote location on the slopes of Mount Parnassos, north of the Gulf of Corinth, in central Greece. This remoteness likewise allowed for its appeal to a wider audience, but it did evolve as part of a community, unlike the much more isolated Olympia and there was also a strong Corinthian involvement. The key issue however is that it did not fall directly within the territory of a developing powerful political centre. The aforementioned sanctuary of Hera at Perakhora for example became part of the territory of the city of Corinth and despite its similar origins and superior wealth in the 8th century at least to Delphi, it never achieved Panhellenic status. It would come under what Marinatos calls an extra-urban sanctuary, in that it fell under the direct administration of Corinth but was not within the urban space of the city. Urban sanctuaries, such as the Acropolis at Athens, were prominent features within the boundaries of a city and were used as an obvious display of the wealth and power of the respective city. Extra-urban sanctuaries on the other hand had a different political function; to define the territory of the city administering it, such as Corinth in the case of Perakhora. They also acted as small scale pan-Hellenic sanctuaries in as much as they united followers of a particular cult within a region and were not just for members of a specific polis. The Panhellenic sites of Delphi and Olympia fall under the title of inter-urban sanctuaries (Marinatos 1993: 229). This status largely depended on where the sanctuary was when cities became politicised, and the creation of, or claim for possession of a sanctuary probably indicated the beginnings of regional awareness (Morgan 1990: 7). The position of a sanctuary therefore defined its function, thus also changing the types of votive objects dedicated. Morgan believes Perakhora came to reflect the personal concerns of the people in the region of Corinth, while the elite utilized Delphi for the display of their wealth; this change in focus can be seen at Perakhora through dedications of items such as clay model koulouria and other feminine items linked to Hera (Morgan 1990: 144). The major investment in sanctuaries within polis territories however came in the form of monumental architecture which was constructed in these locations at least a century before that of any of the temples of the major Panhellenic sanctuaries (Hall 2007: 271, De Polignac 1994: 12). Prior to the construction of these temples the main focus of cult activity at all sanctuaries had been just an open air altar. The small temple of Hera at Perakhora built c.800 BC was one of the first to be constructed and was probably a one roomed building around 8 metres long and 5 metres wide. The initial temple of the Heraion at Samos was also constructed in this period; though it was far more monumental in structure at just over 30 metres long, although still only 6 metres wide. The temple to first be built entirely of stone however was not erected until the 6th century, though perhaps it is not surprising that this was also at a polis sanctuary; the temple of Artemis at Kerkyra (Coldstream 1977: 322, Coldstream 1985: 70-3). It is interesting then that these smaller, localised polis sanctuaries received this type of investment from communities long before the Panhellenic sanctuaries in the 7th and 6th centuries. Did this mean that urban and extra-urban sanctuaries were more important? Hall asserts that local sanctuaries must have been of a higher priority and Morgan takes this further in saying that the reason for this is that the state had to be defined politically, spatially and socially before formal investment could take place outside of its borders (Hall 2007: 271, Morgan 1993: 19-20). Coldstream also agrees with this view, and it is his opinion that the construction of temples, among other signs, marked the arrival of the polis (Coldstream 1985: 68). This would therefore seem to show that local temples such as that at Perakhora, were a key component of polis identity, and so it would seem only natural that city sanctuaries were invested in before competing against other poleis on the wider stage at the sanctuaries of Delphi and Olympia. As a result, it would seem less an argument of which was the more important and therefore most deserving of communal investment, and more about which was the most fundamental to the establishment of a collective civic identity. This change in the notion of identity, away from the promotion of self interest of the individual and towards the collective identity of the polis, is also noticeable in the building of treasuries, particularly at Delphi. At first these were constructed by elites in order to promote their own status, such as the treasury of Cypselus mentioned by Herodotos: These bowlsstand in the Corinthian treasury though to speak strictly it should not be called the public treasury of the Corinthians, but the treasury of Cypselus, son of Eà «tion.'(Herodotos Histories 1.14) As Hall notes however, by the 6th century these, despite still probably being financed by the most affluent, were constructed in the name of the polis, the treasury of Knidos being built in c.560-550 and the treasury of Siphnos in 525 for example (Hall 2007: 272-3, Snodgrass 1980: 141). Their function would have been the same, but the focus had shifted to the glorification of the polis rather than individuals. Only once a city state, and thus the communal identity that went with it, had fully formed could this be possible and allow for competition between states. Treasuries also existed in state sanctuaries, but all would have been financed by local inhabitants of the controlling city again differentiating from the Panhellenic appeal of Olympia and Delphi. The Heraion at Samos for instance has several possible treasuries, which were likely funded by local elites (Kyrieleis 1993: 129, 133). As previously mentioned, the majority, if not all of the Panhellenic sanctuaries introduced games in the early 6th century and this is the period when they can truly be called Panhellenic, involving competition between many poleis, rather than just elite individuals from neighbouring states. Individuals were still fà ªted as heroes for victory, both by their polis and on a wider scale; through winning they had increased their own status, but also the prestige of their home city. All athletic competitions were linked to religious festivals, and by 500BC there were around 50 sets of games in place throughout Greece (Sweet 1987: 3). This wider recognition of ability of course, could not happen at these local games, such as those of the Panathenaia, and so added to the appeal of the Panhellenic games and must have been one of the main reasons for the assured interest of so many states. Again the reason that so many city-states could come together in one place to compete was because none of the Panhellenic sanctuaries were dominated by a powerful state. This meant that there was no reason to feel threatened as perhaps could happen at more urban sanctuaries, located within or close to a dominant polis. This was one of the reasons why the Panathenaia, despite efforts from the Athenians to make it an inter-state festival to rival the Panhellenic games, was ultimately unsuccessful in attracting other poleis to compete (Finley 1985: xviii-xix). The Pythian games at Delphi and the Olympic games consisted of similar events, except that Delphi also offered musical competitions: contests for harpingfor flute-playing and for singing to the fluteThe competitions being the same as at Olympia, except the four horse chariot, and the Delphians themselves added to the contest running races for boys, the long course and the double course.'(Pausanias Description of Greece 10.7.4-5) These contests clearly fixed the Panhellenic status of these sanctuaries, but could they have been classed as Panhellenic prior to the introduction of athletic competition? This is harder to determine with Olympia, as the games were the main attraction of the sanctuary but also because the origins of the games are so hard to determine. Delphi however was just as famous, if not more so, for its oracle. The Delphic oracle is believed to have been established in the late 8th century, although like the Olympic games this is disputed. Again the only material evidence is the rise in votive offerings at the end of the century, which as discussed above is present in many places and could be indicative of a number of practices. There is a mention of the oracle in the Odyssey however: in sacred Pytho, when he passed over the threshold of stone to enquire of the oracle.'(Homer Odyssey 8.79-82) If its provenance is to be believed, and if it was not a later addendum to the story, then this would seem to support an 8th century origin for the oracle. Whatever the actual date, it is Morgans belief that the introduction of the oracle may reflect early state domination of the sanctuary, in a similar fashion to the way treasuries began to reflect the polis rather than the individual (Morgan 1990: 184-5). Osborne advocates that the oracle was part of the wider appeal of Delphi, but Delphi was not the only sanctuary with an oracle, and this again brings us back to the question of when it first became Panhellenic and what determined this status; the oracle or the Pythian games (Osborne 1996: 204). No matter what the actual cause of panhellenism was, the activities in place at both Olympia and Delphi were available elsewhere at many other sanctuaries that never achieved the status Panhellenic. The apparent reason for this, as has been reiterated many times through this work, was the geographical location of the sanctuaries. The Delphic oracle would have been perceived as far less likely to give biased advice to protect its political allegiances, as its neutrality meant that it was not dependent on the ambitions of a controlling polis. Similarly, the Olympic and Pythian games would have provided impartial ground on which to compete for greater glory than was possible within the confines of a state or intra-regional festival. It can be seen therefore that the origins of both Panhellenic and civic sanctuaries were quite comparable, and it was only following the emergence of a fully defined state, with territorial awareness, that the varying roles of sanctuaries became distinct. Co nsequently, it is my belief that it was a combination of geographical location and the rise of the polis that provided the environment for Panhellenic sanctuaries to be set apart, but that they had to have something to offer in order to appeal to a wider audience, whether it was an oracle or athletic competition. It is mainly through these factors that inter-urban sanctuaries differentiated from those directly under the control of a city-state. Bibliography Herodotos. Histories, translated by A. De Sà ©lincourt (Penguin Classics). London: Penguin Books. 2003. Homer. Iliad, translated by A. T. Murray. London: Heinemann / Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1924. Homer. Odyssey, translated by A. T. Murray. London: Heinemann / Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1919. Pausanias. Description of Greece, translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod. London: Heinemann /Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1918. Coldstream, J. N. 1977. Geometric Greece. London: Ernest Benn. Coldstream, J. N. 1985. Greek Temples: Why and Where? In P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds), Greek Religion and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. De Polignac, F. 1994. Mediation, Competition, and Sovereignty: The Evolution of Rural Sanctuaries in Geometric Greece. In S. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds), Placing the gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Finley, M. 1985. Foreword. In P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds), Greek Religion and Society. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. Hall, J. M. 2007. A History of the Archaic Greek World ca. 1200-479 BC. Oxford: Blackwell. Kyrieleis, H. 1993. The Heraion at Samos. In N. Marinatos and R. Hà ¤gg (eds), Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. London and New York: Routledge. Marinatos, N. 1993. What were Greek Sanctuaries? A Synthesis. In N. Marinatos and R. Hà ¤gg (eds),Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. London and New York: Routledge. Morgan, C. 1990. Athletes and Oracles: The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eight Century BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Morgan, C. 1993. The Origins of Pan-Hellenism. In N. Marinatos and R. Hà ¤gg (eds), Greek Sanctuaries:New Approaches. London and New York: Routledge. Osborne, R. 1996. Greece in the Making: 1200-479 BC. London and New York: Routledge. Snodgrass, A. M. 1980. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London: J M Dent. Sweet, W. E. 1987. Sport and Recreation in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook with Translations. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essays

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is one of the most well-known stories in American literature, and with good reason. Throughout his story, Washington Irving uses many stylistic ideas to create a fantastically detailed and descriptive romantic folk tale. Irving begins The Legend of Sleepy Hollow with a vivid description of the setting of his story. Beginning with the Dutch history of the area, he goes on to describe the town as "one of the quietest places in the whole world", with a tranquil brook running through it and the sweet sounds of chirping birds all around (1). Irving delves into the town's history, citing Indian legends which say that the town is "bewitched", and that those who live there often have their eyes and ears play tricks on them (1). His focus in this description is to give the history of a little sleepy town, using an element of romanticism to choose his peaceful, remote setting, and paying special attention to the nature and native legends of the area. He spices up his story with many other examples of this local color, such as the details of Baltus Van Tassel's farm. His land is described as being "one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nesting," with elms, alders, dwarf willows, and a well which contained the sweetest, softest water imaginable (5). This description of the land also ties into the traditional romantic technique of having a person's house represent the character of that person. Baltus Van Tassel is directly characterized as "a perfect picture of a thriving, contented, libral-hearted farmer" (5). Si... ... gives him the dancing skills of St. Vitus, patron of the dance. As he is courting Katrina on the dance floor, Brom Bones is left brooding in the corner. This again pokes fun at the traditional sense of romanticism, because one would think that it would be Brom who would be wooing Katrina at the party. Through these tiny, laughable moments in his story, Irving brings a light, playful tone to the drowsy, dreamy, deeply romantic Sleepy Hollow. It is through the ample and skillful use of these stylistic ideas that Washington Irving is able to weave the characteristics of a folk tale such as humor, hearsay, and local color together to create a deliciously romantic story of nature, love, and supernatural events. Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Ed. Illustrated Arthur Rackham. United States: David McKay, 1928.

Lack Of Interested In Sports Essay

Many of my schoolmates are not interested in sports. I had carried out a survey on the reasons for their lack of interest. The reasons that causes students not to be interested in sports comes from themselves, parents and facilities. Firstly, the attitude of students for sports was wasting their time. They feel that time is money, so they use their time to study. They think that studying is important than sports and study ensures their future. This causes them to have lack of time for sports. Parents are also the reason why students lack of interest in sports. Parents emphasize on their child’s academic performance only. So, they sign up tuition classes such as English tuition class, Chemistry tuition class and so on for their children to improve their children’s academic performance. The last reason that I learnt from survey is facilities. Some students are interested in sports but there are insufficient sports equipment for them. The sport equipments like basketball, football, and so on are not enough for those students. Besides, the poor condition of field and courts in schools cause students to dislike sports because the field will become muddy when it is raining. These are a few suggestions which can be adopt to overcome the above issues. First and foremost, the school authorities should emphasize the importance of sports in school. The students must know that sports keep their bodies as fit as a fiddle. Besides, dialogue sessions should be conducted with parents to inform them the vital role of sport in helping to create a well-rounded student. As we know, sport is essential for health. As the saying goes, â€Å"Prevention is better than cure†. Therefore, we should always exercise to prevent us from diseases. Moreover, the sport facilities in school must be improved too. Nowadays, our school lack of sports equipments for students to use during physical  education. This causes them to lose interest in sports but put all their effort in their academic performances. School authorities should employ qualified trainers to improve the students’ skills in sports. A good trainer may further increase the students’ curiosity in sports. Students can learn many essential values through sports. Furthermore, more competitions in sports should be organized in our school too. For example, badminton and basketball matches can be held in schools for those who are interested in the games. Plus, those who excel in competitions should be rewarded with attractive prizes to encourage them. I hope the authorities can consider the suggestions that I had stated. I believe that the above ways can help the school attain their goal of creating interest and encouraging student participation in sports. Reported by, Joanne

Daisy Martinez. Kline. Period 4. 13 April 2017. Drug Penalty

Daisy Martinez Kline Period 4 13 April 2017 Drug Penalty in Professional Sports Drugs in professional sports has become a problem ever since the 1960s. Whether it is a performance enhancing drug, a recreational drug, alcohol or anything along those lines, drug consumption among professional athletes has become more common over time. Along with drug usage by professional athletes comes the health consequences, punishments and or treatment. The penalty professional athletes face for drug consumption should correspond to each drug consumed accordingly. The way each type of drug affects the human body is important so it s effects should have consequences considering how much they are being paid. Any kind of drug affects the human body in†¦show more content†¦Smoking affects the lungs by interfering the process on which dust particles or soot is removed from the bronchial tubes and lungs. A higher chance of clogging and plugging in the vessels is present which reduces the amount of blood going to the heart. The book The Athletes Body states, â€Å"...However, serious competitors tend to stay away from cigarettes at least those of the tobacco variety† (Sprague and Jares). Smoking tobacco does not have the same effect as the other drugs and therefore it is not as common to be found in professional athletes. It does not provide that feeling of rush or happiness nor does it improve athletic performance. Drug testing and penalties are different among each sport. All sport leagues including NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL and the Olympics punishes athletes who use drugs by suspension which can lead to ban after multiple positive tests. Starting with the NFL, national football league, players are testing only once a year other than the time when they sign onto a new team. If an NFL player is tested positive for steroids they will face a four-game suspension. A second positive test results in a six-game suspension and a third will suspend a player for a full season. However, when it comes to recreational drugs the consequences do not consists in suspensions. Players who are tested positive for recreational drugs are put into an intervention program that breaks up into stages. The first stage includes the placement into the program for up to